The West Between Wars1919-1940Kyle, Nicole, and Tanner
"Old age is the most unexpected of all things that has happened to a man." - Leon Trotsky
The peace settlement at the end of World War I left many nations unhappy and border disputes simmering throughout Europe. The League of Nations proved a weak institution. Economic problems plagued France, Great Britain, and the German Weimar Republic. When Germany declared that it could not continue to pay reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr Valley as a source of reparations. The Dawes Plan reduced the burden of reparations and led to a period of prosperity in Europe. Democracy was widespread, and women in many European countries gained the right to vote. The prosperity ended with the economic collapse of 1929 and the Great Depression. European governments tried different approaches to ending the depression. Many Germans began to identify with anti-democratic political parties. The new U.S. president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, pursued a policy of active government intervention in the economy that came to be known as the New Deal.
By 1939 most European democracies had collapsed. Only France and Great Britain remained democratic. Benito Mussolini began his political endeavors as a Socialist, but he abandoned socialism for fascism, which glorified the state and justified the suppression of all political dissent. In Italy, Mussolini outlawed most political opposition, but also compromised with powerful groups and never achieved totalitarian control. After the Russian civil war, Lenin restored capitalist practices to prevent economic and political collapse. After Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin emerged as the most powerful Communist figure. Stalin sidelined the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary era and established totalitarian rule. His program of rapid industrialization and collectivization forced horrendous sacrifices on the population. His political purges caused millions to be arrested, imprisoned, and executed. Elsewhere in Eastern Europe and in Francisco Franco's Spain, authoritarian regimes were mainly concerned with preserving the existing social order.
Adolf Hitler, a failed student and artist, built up a small racist, anti-Semitic political party in Germany after World War I. Hitler's uprising against the government in Munich, the Beer Hall Putsch, failed. In prison, he wrote Mein Kampf —an account of his movement and his views. As democracy broke down, right-wing elites looked to Hitler for leadership. In 1933 Hitler became chancellor. Amid constant chaos and conflict, Hitler used terror and repression to gain totalitarian control. Meanwhile, a massive rearmament program put Germans back to work. Mass demonstrations and spectacles rallied Germans around Hitler's policies. All major institutions were brought under Nazi control. Women's primary role was to bear Aryan children. Hitler's Nuremberg Laws established official persecution of Jews. A more violent anti-Semitic phase began in 1938 with a destructive rampage against Jews and the deportation of thousands to concentration camps.
when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt.
totalitarian state
a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens.
fascism
glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler.
New Economic Policy
a modified version of the old capitalist system adopted by Lenin in 1921 to replace war communism in Russia; peasants were allowed to sell their produce, and retail stores and small industries could be privately owned, but heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in the hands of the government.
Politburo
a 7-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist party in Russia.
collectivization
a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government.
Reichstag
the German parliament.
concentration camp
a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions
A picture of a town in germany
A man and women wait for their picture to be taken
LINKS: The West Between the Wars-branding of Russia and China as despicable is extraordinary language. Both countries say they have vital security interests in the Middle East and do not agree with the US vision of democracy. The West Between the Wars- The publication by Hezbollah of the names of the CIA station chief in Beirut and several other alleged CIA staffers is a serious The West Between the Wars- German–Russian relations have a long history. Since the end of the [[/wiki/Cold_War|Cold War]], [[/wiki/Germany|Germany]] and [[/wiki/Russia|Russia]] have developed their "Strategic Partnership" which has bonded the two countries The West Between the Wars- born on 20th April, 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau near the German border. Both Hitler's parents had come from poor peasant families. The West Between the Wars- Klara Polzl, the mother of Adolf Hitler, was born in Spital, Austria, in 1860. She married Alois Hitler, a senior customs official, in 1885. The West Between the Wars- Alois Hitler, the illegitimate son of a housemaid, was born in Strones, Austria in 1837. He left home at the age of thirteen to serve as a cobbler's in Vienna. He did not enjoy the work and five years later joined the Imperial Customs Service. The West Between the Wars- Benito Mussolini was born in Forli, Italy, in 1883. After working briefly as a schoolteacher, Mussolini fled to Switzerland in 1902 in an effort to evade military service. The West Between the Wars- The independent state of Italy emerged from a long nationalist struggle for unification that started with the revolution of 1848 The West Between the Wars- In 1914 the Russia Empire included Poland, Finland and large parts of Transcaucasia. The West Between the Wars- Nicholas, the eldest son of Alexander III, the Tsar of Russia, and Marie Feodorovna, was born at Krasnoye Selo in May 1868
A group of men break the fast together
A cottage in Germany saved from this time era
TIMELINE:
1917
October
With financial help from Imperial Germany the bolshevik party under Lenin manages to attain power in Russia.
1918
March 3
In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the war with Russia is ended. Russia renounces any authority in Poland and the Baltic states and acknowledges the independence of Ukraine and Finland. The Central powers do not demand reparations.
November 11
The "Great War" is ended by an armistice between Germany and the Allied Powers, signed in Compiegne. The terms of the peace treaty are to be made later. Until the actual peace treaty is signed, the British blockade of Germany continues.
1919
January 18
Peace conference opens in Versailles. The main points are negotiated between David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Woodrow Wilson (USA).
April 29
The constitution of the League of Nations is accepted at the Parisienne peace conference and will be included into the peace treaties as Article 1-26.
June 28
The Treaty of Versailles is signed by Germany. Shortly later Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria sign their own treaties. They include that Germany and the Central powers take all responsibility for the war and demand full reperations especially from Germany. The amount of the reparations remains open.
1920
November 15
First meeting of the full assembly of the Leage of Nations in Geneva. The US does not enter the League.
1921
January 24-29
Conference in Paris on reparations proceeds without participation of Germany. They decide that Germany has to pay 269 billion Goldmarks and, for 42 years,12% of the value of German exports (another some 1-2 Billions a year). This excluded any reparations that Russia might demand. German war expenses from 1914-18 amount to some 150 Billions. This money was collected mainly via war bonds and has to be repaid by the state to the population.
March 8
After Germany tries to negotiate the sum without success, parts of the Ruhr area are occupied by France.
April 27
The German reparations are newly fixed to 132 Billion Goldmarks, payable in 37 years.
A modern-day picture of what is left of a street after the war
10 Most Important People
1. Adolf Hitler- He was the NAZI leader of the Germans. He also was very anti-Semitic and sent the Jews to concentration camps.
2. Benito Mussolini- He was the Fascist leader of the Italians. He allied Hitler to become more powerful.
3. Franco Francisco- A Spanish general who dictatored them for many years. He was close to Hitler and Mussolini.
4. Anton Drexler- He is the founder of the NAZI party that later Hitler came to rule.
5. Charles Dawe- He was an American banker who set up the Dawes plan which helped the Germans pay back money
6. Josef Stalin- He was a Russian leader of communism that controlled everything.
7. Vladimir Lenin- He was a Russian leader who set up Communism in Russia.
8. Halie Selassia- He was the Emporer of Ethiopia that went to Leagueof Nations.
9. Leon Blum- He was the leader of the Socialist Party and became Prime Minister.
10. Hirohito- He was considered to be the last divine Japanese Emporer.
"Old age is the most unexpected of all things that has happened to a man." - Leon Trotsky
The peace settlement at the end of World War I left many nations unhappy and border disputes simmering throughout Europe. The League of Nations proved a weak institution. Economic problems plagued France, Great Britain, and the German Weimar Republic. When Germany declared that it could not continue to pay reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr Valley as a source of reparations. The Dawes Plan reduced the burden of reparations and led to a period of prosperity in Europe. Democracy was widespread, and women in many European countries gained the right to vote. The prosperity ended with the economic collapse of 1929 and the Great Depression. European governments tried different approaches to ending the depression. Many Germans began to identify with anti-democratic political parties. The new U.S. president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, pursued a policy of active government intervention in the economy that came to be known as the New Deal.
By 1939 most European democracies had collapsed. Only France and Great Britain remained democratic. Benito Mussolini began his political endeavors as a Socialist, but he abandoned socialism for fascism, which glorified the state and justified the suppression of all political dissent. In Italy, Mussolini outlawed most political opposition, but also compromised with powerful groups and never achieved totalitarian control. After the Russian civil war, Lenin restored capitalist practices to prevent economic and political collapse. After Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin emerged as the most powerful Communist figure. Stalin sidelined the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary era and established totalitarian rule. His program of rapid industrialization and collectivization forced horrendous sacrifices on the population. His political purges caused millions to be arrested, imprisoned, and executed. Elsewhere in Eastern Europe and in Francisco Franco's Spain, authoritarian regimes were mainly concerned with preserving the existing social order.
Adolf Hitler, a failed student and artist, built up a small racist, anti-Semitic political party in Germany after World War I. Hitler's uprising against the government in Munich, the Beer Hall Putsch, failed. In prison, he wrote Mein Kampf —an account of his movement and his views. As democracy broke down, right-wing elites looked to Hitler for leadership. In 1933 Hitler became chancellor. Amid constant chaos and conflict, Hitler used terror and repression to gain totalitarian control. Meanwhile, a massive rearmament program put Germans back to work. Mass demonstrations and spectacles rallied Germans around Hitler's policies. All major institutions were brought under Nazi control. Women's primary role was to bear Aryan children. Hitler's Nuremberg Laws established official persecution of Jews. A more violent anti-Semitic phase began in 1938 with a destructive rampage against Jews and the deportation of thousands to concentration camps.
TERMS
Biography of Italy's Dictator Benito Mussolini
LINKS:
The West Between the Wars-branding of Russia and China as despicable is extraordinary language. Both countries say they have vital security interests in the Middle East and do not agree with the US vision of democracy.
The West Between the Wars- The publication by Hezbollah of the names of the CIA station chief in Beirut and several other alleged CIA staffers is a serious
The West Between the Wars- German–Russian relations have a long history. Since the end of the [[/wiki/Cold_War|Cold War]], [[/wiki/Germany|Germany]] and [[/wiki/Russia|Russia]] have developed their "Strategic Partnership" which has bonded the two countries
The West Between the Wars- born on 20th April, 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau near the German border. Both Hitler's parents had come from poor peasant families.
The West Between the Wars- Klara Polzl, the mother of Adolf Hitler, was born in Spital, Austria, in 1860. She married Alois Hitler, a senior customs official, in 1885.
The West Between the Wars- Alois Hitler, the illegitimate son of a housemaid, was born in Strones, Austria in 1837. He left home at the age of thirteen to serve as a cobbler's in Vienna. He did not enjoy the work and five years later joined the Imperial Customs Service.
The West Between the Wars- Benito Mussolini was born in Forli, Italy, in 1883. After working briefly as a schoolteacher, Mussolini fled to Switzerland in 1902 in an effort to evade military service.
The West Between the Wars- The independent state of Italy emerged from a long nationalist struggle for unification that started with the revolution of 1848
The West Between the Wars- In 1914 the Russia Empire included Poland, Finland and large parts of Transcaucasia.
The West Between the Wars- Nicholas, the eldest son of Alexander III, the Tsar of Russia, and Marie Feodorovna, was born at Krasnoye Selo in May 1868
TIMELINE:
View Joseph Stalin and over 3,000,000 other topics on Qwiki.
10 Most Important People
1. Adolf Hitler- He was the NAZI leader of the Germans. He also was very anti-Semitic and sent the Jews to concentration camps.
2. Benito Mussolini- He was the Fascist leader of the Italians. He allied Hitler to become more powerful.
3. Franco Francisco- A Spanish general who dictatored them for many years. He was close to Hitler and Mussolini.
4. Anton Drexler- He is the founder of the NAZI party that later Hitler came to rule.
5. Charles Dawe- He was an American banker who set up the Dawes plan which helped the Germans pay back money
6. Josef Stalin- He was a Russian leader of communism that controlled everything.
7. Vladimir Lenin- He was a Russian leader who set up Communism in Russia.
8. Halie Selassia- He was the Emporer of Ethiopia that went to Leagueof Nations.
9. Leon Blum- He was the leader of the Socialist Party and became Prime Minister.
10. Hirohito- He was considered to be the last divine Japanese Emporer.